3D printed Low stress one-dimensional (1D) cell:

A high-quality 3D printing one-dimensional (1D) cell was adopted in this research to study behavior of saturated and unsaturated frozen soil. It consists of the following main components: a base pedestal, a cylindrical cell (to house the soil), a plunger (to apply the vertical stress, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and a mount (which assembles all the components).

High stress 1D consolidation setup: 

A high stress 1D consolidation setup (figure 10) is developed high extend the stress range of 3D printing mold setup in the environment chamber. A maximum of 4MPa vertical stress applied on the top of soil sample, where in the CSZ chamber a 100kPa maximum stress can apply. Figure 10 is schematic diagram of test setup. It includes water bath (temperature range from -20 to 100°C), consolidation load frame driven by air pressure, insulated water tank and 1D acrylic cell (figure 10 right).